类人猿行动

看完“鸡哥电影解说”剧透而来的，下面附上链接: //b23.tv/EfAmdh 。 和平来之不易，英雄可歌可泣，战争年代总会出现很多的英雄，正是这些英雄的浴血奋战，才换来了今天的和平与繁荣。 根据历史事件改编，故事开始于1941年末，几名经过严格训练的捷克斯洛伐克士兵跳伞来到布拉格附近，其中有两人，叫杨和朱瑟夫，他们要执行一项名为“类人猿计划”的暗杀行动，这个暗杀行动的目标是被称为“布拉格屠夫”的海德里希，杨和朱瑟夫跳伞成功之后，朱瑟夫的腿被树枝刮伤，两人找到了当地一医生，医生看穿两人身份，并承诺会帮两人找到当地地下组织。 在医生帮助下，两人与地下组织的领导人海叔取得了联系，海叔一开始觉得暗杀海德里希之后，希特勒肯定会展开更疯狂的报复，但是在杨和朱瑟夫的坚定要求下，还是同意了这项计划，同时还说还介绍了组织内的姑娘安娜来协助他们，安娜在杨和朱瑟夫的建议下，找来另一位姑娘兰卡，这样他们扮成两对情侣走在路上就不会引起怀疑，扮作情侣这样的行为，为他们制定刺杀计划提供了不少便利。 另一边，原本执行别的计划的小队也赶过来，向杨和朱瑟夫表示，要助“类人猿行动”一臂之力，海叔那边则带来一个不太好的消息，他表示，海德里希即将前往巴黎，而且可能不会再回来了，这一消息加快了众人行动的步伐，他们很快制定了行动计划。 在制定好计划以后，杨和朱瑟夫提前赶到海德里希的车队会经过的地方进行埋伏，杨负责打掩护，朱瑟夫则负责刺杀海德里希，可是到了关键时刻，朱瑟夫的枪却怎么也开不了火，还是杨将一颗毒气炸弹扔到了海德里希的车子边，海德里希虽然负伤，却仍在顽抗，见此情景，众人只能边战边退。 撤退之后，安娜告诉杨和朱瑟夫，兰卡在撤退的途中被德军给射死，杨和朱瑟夫走投无路，逃入了当地的教堂，德军展开了疯狂的报复，开始屠杀无辜百姓，杨和朱瑟夫也曾想过出去自首，不过不管是神父还是战友，都劝他们不要这样做，他们希望他们两个可以活着，去完成更多的任务。 在德军高额悬赏的诱惑下，组织内部出现了叛徒，他将杨和朱瑟夫原来的据点汇报给了德军，德军前往那里抓了很多地下组织的人，其中一个小伙子受不了严刑拷打，说出了杨和朱瑟夫现在的下落，海叔也受到了德军的围捕，最后服毒自尽。 德军派出了大量的士兵围攻教堂，地下组织的人拼命顽抗，他们成功打退了德军的第一波进攻，但是等到德军第二波上来的时候，因为弹药不足，地下组织的人一个接一个牺牲，唯一可以逃生的楼梯也被德军占据，杨和朱瑟夫他们两个躲在教堂的地下室，眼见生还无望，杨开枪自杀，德军找到了地下室，甚至还发现了大量的地下组织的尸体，但是这其中并没有朱瑟夫的。 原来朱瑟夫带着几个人躲入了地道之中，后来德军也找到了地道，还派叛徒劝降，但是他们不为所动，依旧顽强抵抗，德军放水淹地下室，最终朱瑟夫等几人英勇牺牲，在战争中会有很多的英雄，如今的和平就是这些英雄通过自己的生命换来的，和平不易，需要珍惜。 完。

在我的高中阶段，因为抗战胜利60年的风潮，战时将领的故事又被拿出来宣传，诸如蒙哥马利，朱可夫一类战将。当然也不可避免要提到德军的曼施坦因，古德里安，以及当时我还颇为关注的隆美尔。鉴于这三位德军将领似乎都更关注于战场上战略战术的实施，而鲜有屠杀犹太人或者虐待战俘的行为，因而国际声誉都比较正面。尤其是隆美尔，不管丘吉尔是出于什么目的吹捧他，但德国二战的失败似乎只在他身上投上了英雄末路的反影，却没有罪恶血腥的残留。我自认为还看了一两本纳粹德国的历史书，却不知道为何全然漏掉了海德里希的故事。所以在影片开始时，即使明白类人猿任务的意义，我也不知道他们是否能成功。甚至直到Jozef九死一生逃回潜藏地，说“我们失败了”的时候，我真的以为刺杀行动就这样失败了。非常可笑的因为缺乏历史知识，我反而并没有被一个历史剧剧透。 整个剧大致可以分为两部分，关于刺杀行动的谋划和实施，和刺杀之后的浴血一战。前半部是知其不可而为之的命中注定，而后半部分是虽千万人吾往矣的破釜沉舟。全剧整体的情感基调和镜头的色调是一致的，昏黄晦暗，遮天蔽日，唯一鲜亮的颜色只有喷涌出的鲜血和墙上高挂的纳粹旗，也许还有两位美丽女子的唇，剩下的只有铁青。 刺杀行动前侧重于情报的获取，第一个问题就是关于捷克抵抗组织会不会加以援助，“Why don’t you just go ahead and kill Hitler?” asks one of them. “He’s just a few hundred kilometers down the road in a little village called Berlin!”这时候我还是忍不住对这种黑色幽默莞尔一笑。毕竟，我站在现如今的角度，也很难理解为何英国会下达刺杀海德里希的命令，虽说从道德上气势上起到惩恶扬善的意义，其结果却造成了捷克两个村庄被全部屠杀，平民的损失让类人猿行动于我而言更像是个欠缺思考的鲁莽行为。所以即使捷克方面最终也给予了支持，但所有人知道类人猿行动的含义之后都不免感到惊恐，倒不全是对于海德里希的恐惧，恐怕每个人也都猜到了之后的疯狂报复，更何况彼时千钧一发，谁知功败垂成。所以捷克抵抗组织的配合不能不说令人感动，知其不可而为之，不仅仅是Jan 和 Jozef 两个勇士，也是收留他们的家庭，Maria和Lenka两位女战士（后者更加令人钦佩），以及所有的抵抗组织成员（除了叛徒）。他们虽然从抵抗的最初就做好了赴死的觉悟，然而肯为这样一个大胆如赌徒并且自断所有退路的行动献身，这种极端条件下对于人性的叩问又是完全不同的。 统一战线后则侧重于刻画如何获取关于海德里希行动的情报。这部分有两处让我觉得非常惊讶，一是海德里希作为党卫军仅次于希姆莱德高层，却毫不在乎自己的安保工作，另一个是在如此仓促的最后的行动时间窗口，两位勇士居然能一切按计划进行有条不紊，令人觉得冥冥自有天意。哪怕枪在关键时候居然失灵，仅凭一个自制炮弹也能要了海德里希的命。历史是条单行道，回溯时候觉得有千万条岔路的可能，而车轮却义无反顾沿着既定的轨道前行。这就是海德里希和捷克的命运。 刺杀前还有一些必要的铺垫，比如爱情。毕竟两位主演都是美颜，当然要有女伴。一对青年男女漫步街头，披着爱情的外衣获取情报，没有比这个更为浪漫的。颇为反讽的事，故事通过Lenka的口讲出了真相，战争从来没有浪漫，战争就是如此残忍。我们和男女主人公都明白，此时的爱情没有结果的。不免觉得Jan太天真，居然在这当口祈求幸福。然而当我看到Jozef悄悄把Lenka的照片塞进钱包里就明白，这位相对更成熟更心如磐石的勇士也有柔软的心。回想起来，脑海中清晰的记得的一幕，就是Jozef一边刮胡子一边质问Jan，你是来做什么的？确实可笑啊，本该心韧如铁的战士，为何此时会儿女情长。尤其是数子弹那个桥段，当真是有意思。全剧看来，我们以为冷酷铁血看破现实而更为主导行动的Jozef却悄悄萌生了柔软的情感，我们以为优柔寡断到怯懦的Jan在结局却如此英勇热血。大概导演是想通过这样的对照表达的人性的复杂，人因为因为弱点反而更为勇敢，是真正的血肉之躯而非战斗机器吧。 到了刺杀的一刻。万事俱备，枪支失灵。当时还不知结局的我真的有种英雄穷途末路的感慨。不过我很快就惊讶于两位战士的战斗力，灵活躲闪居然能绝境逢生逃了出去。从这时候起叙事节奏加快了很多，依次是捷克抵抗组织对于两位英雄的无条件支持，叛徒的懦弱和卑鄙，严刑拷打下不得不招供的可怜人，以及但求速死不愿泄密的战斗者。故事的高潮是最终最激烈的教堂的枪战。这里比较令人感慨的是一段对话，当Jan知道纳粹德国对于交出刺杀者否则屠杀的威胁，天真的指出愿意去自首以求得平民的安全。而抵抗组织成员则早已看透纳粹的本质，尖锐地指出这毫无疑义。“你是一个战士，你的任务就是战斗到底。造成类人猿行动的结局的，如果要问责，也显然不是你们两位。”理想主义者碰到了坚硬的现实。这个扣动扳机会颤抖的Jan真的成长了，他战斗到了最后。 最终教堂一战令人热泪盈眶。观影前我以为高潮在于刺杀，而事实上真正的故事仿佛在刺杀那一刻才开启。从平淡到高潮一瞬间转换，这种叙事手法上非常强力，一个毫无预料的情节铺展：为了坚守一块注定失去的阵地，他们只将最后一枚子弹留给自己。根本不需要浪费笔墨，导演也无意用悲情配乐来感染观众。一个曾经犹豫的战士已经学会教会别人如何冷静地战斗，一个为了战友能够牺牲一切的战士只能在地下室静静地等候最后一声枪声冷寂下去。随着纳粹的水漫地下攻势，战士们，已经完成了类人猿行动的战士们，与敌人战斗到了最后一刻。7人死守六小时，仅仅这一条历史事实就能说明他们的英勇。人性在极端条件下的测试，居然能达到如此高度，这本身就让人感到激动而啜泣。 其他也没什么好说的，毕竟是历史的剪影，两位战士的塑造尽管尽可能地避免单调，还是无法塑造一个丰满的形象。难能可贵的是导演也用心塑造了两位勇士的成长，为了他们的祖国做一件知其不可而为之的事，就值得这两小时的观影。 另外和情节毫无关系地评论下，Cillian Murphy的颜来演这样一个平常沉稳冷峻彬彬有礼，关键时候敏捷铁血杀敌致果的战士，真的是太意料之外的贴切。

我说：

使用Google浏览器有翻译功能，目测可以翻译后中文可以保持较准确的原意。

A famous person said: history is always similar to be seen in multiple events along the historical river.

So a series of arrows will eventually point to the single event through various facts and documents. This event may be ranged shortly among very short moment or a long historical stage.

This paper will focus on the history from the film ‘Anthropoid’ through investigating and collecting information as to give a clear, equal and unbiased appearance towards every main characters in the film. Additionally, this paper will focus on the eventsappeared in this film.

WWII Europe 1941-1942 Map

Before introducing the event of Operation Anthropoid which is the original event in the film, we should firstly introduce the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

Czechoslovakia during 1918-1938

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a protectorate of Nazi Germany established on 16 March 1939 following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939. Czechoslovakia was firstly demanded to give the control of the Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler in September 1938. And on 26 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference, which was finally known by the world, the Munich Agreement. Additionally, the remainder (“rump”) of Czechoslovakia was invaded and divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the puppet Slovak State.

Until to the date on 27 September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the aim of Operation Anthropoid, was appointed Deputy Reich Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and assumed control of the territory.

Reinhard Heydrich

Due to the reason that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich felt the former protector Konstantin von Neurath’s “soft approach” to the Czechs had promoted anti-German sentiment and encouraged anti-German resistance via strikes and sabotage. Upon his appointment, Heydrich told his aides:

We will Germanize the Czeh vermin.

Heydrich came to Prague, the capital of Czech, to enforce policy, fight resistance to the Nazi regime, and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were “extremely important to the German war effort”. To realize his goals Heydrich demanded racial classification of those who could and could not be Germanized. He explained:

Making this Czech garbage into Germans must give way to methods based on racist thought.

During his rule by terrorizing the population of Protector before the date on December 1941, the date of starting the plan of Operation Anthropoid, Heydrich arrested estimated between 4,000 and 5,000 people. By 3 October 1941, the decision was taken by Czechoslovak military intelligence in London to kill Heydrich. This is the starting date of planning Operation Anthropoid.

Planning Operation

There are several reasons of planning to kill Heydrich. Firstly, he was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and an important figure in the rise of Adolf Hitler; he was given overall charge of the Final Solution (Holocaust) of the Jews in Europe. Secondly, killing him can help confer legitimacy on government-in-exile in London, as well as for retribution against Heydrich’s brutally efficient rule. The third reason is that, during the WWII, the resistance was active from the very beginning of occupation in several other countries defeated in open warfare, but the subjugated Czech lands remained relatively calm and produced significant amounts of materiel for Nazi Germany. The purpose of operation is to demonstrated to senior Nazis that they were not beyond the reach of allied forces and the resistance groups they supported. (Maybe this is the reason in the beginning screen that the locals want to sell the two intelligence to the Nazi. Some of the locals in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia wanted to follow the rule by Nazi German rather than defeating. Another reason of selling was probably the terrorizing control by Heydrich.)

After starting the plan, Czechoslovak intelligence was trained by the British Special Operation Executive (SOE). Preparation began on 20 October 1941. the intelligence was selected from 2,000 exiled Czechoslovak soldiers based in Britain. In the training, one of the intelligence of operation was replaced by another person after the intelligence received a head injury during training. This replacement made the new intelligence named Jan Kubis had not completed training, nor had the necessary false documents been prepared for him. (The potential reason of operation “failure”) Another intelligence was Jozef Gabcik.

Insertion

On 28 December 1941, the intelligence, Gabcik and Kubis landed near the east of Prague and there was a mistaken landing due to the navigation problems of pilots. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organizations who helped them during the preparations for the assassination. Upon learning of the nature of the mission, resistance leaders begged the Czechoslovak government-in-exile to call off the attack, say that:

An attempt against Heydrich’s life... would be of no use to the Allies and its consequences for our people would be immeasurable. Benes, the head of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in British, personally broadcast a message insisting that the attack go forward, although he denied any involvement after the war. Professor Voitech Mastny, an American historian of Czech descent, argues that

he clung to the scheme as the last resort to dramatize Czech resistance.

Gabcik and Kubis initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the practicalities, they realized this was not going to be possible.

A second plan was to kill him on forest road that led from Heydrich’s home to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opalka who was a member of the Czech sabotage group Out Distance, a WWII anti-Nazi resistance group and a participant in Operation Anthropoid, came to bring them back to Prague.

A third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague.

The Attack in Prague and Medical Treatment and Death of Heydrich

On 27 May 1942 at 10:30, Heydrich started his daily commute from his home in Paneske Brezany to his headquarters at Prague Castle. Gabcik and Kubis waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Liben, where the curve would force the car to slow down. Josef Valcik, member of the Resistance from group Silver A, was positioned about 100 meters north of Gabcik and Kubis as lookout for the approaching car.

Heydrich's green, open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later. As Heydrich's car slowed, Gabčík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire with his Sten submachine gun, but it jammed and failed to fire. Instead of ordering his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to speed away, Heydrich called his car to halt and then stood up to shoot Gabčík with his Luger pistol. Kubiš then threw a modified anti-tank grenade (concealed in a briefcase) at the rear of the car as it stopped and its fragments ripped through the car's right rear fender, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery into Heydrich’s body, upon detonation, wounding him. Kubiš was also injured by the shrapnel.

Another of Heydrich’s Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded.

Heydrich staggered out of the car, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, with his gun in his hand; Gabčík and Kubiš fired at Heydrich with their Colt M1903 pistols but, themselves shocked by the explosion, failed to hit him. Heydrich then chased Kubiš and tried to return fire. Kubiš jumped on his bicycle and pedaled away. Heydrich ran after him for half a block but became weak from shock and collapsed. Heydrich, still with pistol in hand, gripped his left flank, which was bleeding profusely. He ordered Klein to chase Gabčík on foot, saying "Get that bastard!". Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gabčík shot him twice with a pistol, severely wounding him in the leg. Gabčík then escaped in a tram, reaching a local safe house.Gabčík and Kubiš did not know that Heydrich was wounded, and were convinced the attack had failed.

A Sten submachine gun, Gabcik’s gun suffered from failure to feed. Czechoslovak paratroopers often complained about the low reliability of B

Late in the afternoon of 27 May, SS Karl Hermann Frank proclaimed a state of emergency and curfew in Prague. Anyone who helped the attackers was to be executed along their family. A search involving 21,000 men began and 36,000 houses were checked. By 4 June, 157 people had been executed as a result of the reprisals but the assassins had not been found and no information was forthcoming.

A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. He was placed in the back of the van, on his stomach, and taken to the emergency room at Bulovka Hospital. He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major damage to his diaphragm, spleen, and one of his lungs. A splenectomy was performed, and the chest wound, left lung, and diaphragm were all debrided.

Himmler ordered another doctor, Karl Gebhardt, to fly to Prague to assume care. Despite a fever, Heydrich's recovery appeared to progress well. Theodor Morell, Hitler's personal doctor, suggested the use of sulfonamide (a new antibacterial drug), but Gebhardt, thinking Heydrich would recover, declined the suggestion. On 2 June, during a visit by Himmler, Heydrich reconciled himself to his fate by reciting a part of one of his father's operas:

The world is just a barrel-organ which the Lord God turns himself. We all have to dance to the tune which is already on the drum.

Heydrich slipped into a coma after Himmler's visit and never regained consciousness. He died on 4 June; an autopsy concluded he died of sepsis which is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection causes injury to its tissues and organs.

Heydrich's assailants hid in safe houses and eventually took refuge in Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, an Orthodox church in Prague. After a traitor in the Czech resistance betrayed their location, the church was surrounded by 800 members of the SS and Gestapo. Several Czechs were killed, and the remainder hid in the church's crypt. The Germans attempted to flush the men out with gunfire, tear gas, and by flooding the crypt. Eventually an entrance was made using explosives. Rather than surrender, the soldiers killed themselves. Supporters of the assassins who were killed in the wake of these events included the church's leader, Bishop Gorazd, who is now revered as a martyr of the Orthodox Church.

Consequences

Infuriated by Heydrich's deathon 9 June, the decision was made to “make up for his death”, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs. But after consultations with Karl Hermann Frank, he altered his response. The Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military, and indiscriminate killing could reduce the region's productivity. Hitler ordered a quick investigation. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the towns of Lidice and Ležáky. A Gestapo report stated that Lidice, 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Prague, was suspected as the assailants' hiding place because several Czech army officers, then in England, had come from there and the Gestapo found a resistance radio transmitter in Ležáky.

On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals. Beginning on 10 June, all males over the age of 16 in the villages of Lidice and Ležáky were murdered. All the women in Ležáky were also murdered.

All but four of the women from Lidice were deported immediately to Ravensbrück concentration camp (four were pregnant – they were subjected to forced abortions at the same hospital where Heydrich had died and the women were then sent to the concentration camp). Some children were chosen for Germanization, and 81 were killed in gas vans at the Chełmno extermination camp. Both towns were burned and Lidice's ruins were levelled.[140][141] Overall, at least 1,300 Czechs, including 200 women, were killed in reprisal for Heydrich's assassination.

Additionally, under the Hitler’s ordering investigation and reprisals on the very day of the assassination attempt, more than 13,000 were arrested, including intelligence Jan Kubis girlfriend Anna, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opalka’s aunt Marie Opalkova was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942; his father Viktor Jarolim was also killed. According to one estimate, 5,000 people were murdered in the reprisals.

Furthermore, in the investigation, a deadline was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel Čurda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group turned himself in to the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team's local contacts for the bounty of one million Reichsmarks which is a currency in Germany.

(Karel Curda was an active Czech Nazi collaborator during WWII. A solider of the Czechoslovak army in exile, he was parachuted into the protectorate in 1942 as a member of the sabotage group Out Distance. After the war, Curda was tracked down and arrested. Curda was found guilty of treason and hanged on 29 April 1947. In the alternative theory from Czech historian Plachy, he gave a different account of Curda’s personality and motives. The immediate aftermath of the assassination put Curda under huge pressure as he knew the Nazis could wipe out his whole family and village, just as they had wiped out Lidce and Lezaky, two villages. However, the problem with this theory is that the massacres in Lidice and Lezaky did not occur until almost a moth after Karel Curda’s betrayal. Thus, his betrayal was mainly due to the rewarding of selling out the names of intelligence agent.)

Čurda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in Žižkov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Marie Moravec was allowed to go to the toilet, where she bit into a cyanide capsule and killed herself. Alois Moravec was unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance; he was taken to the Petschek Palace together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who was tortured throughout the day but refused to talk. The youth was stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank, and warned that, if he did not reveal the information that they were looking for, his father would be next. Ata's strong willpower finally snapped, and he told the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Vlastimil "Ata" Moravec was executed by the Nazis in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942, the same day as his father, his fiancée, her mother and her brother were executed.

Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day, but they were unable to take the paratroopers alive, despite the best efforts of 750 SS soldiers under the command of SS-Gruppenführer Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld. Kubiš, Adolf Opálka, and Josef Bublík were killed in the prayer loft after a two-hour gun battle. (Kubiš was said to have survived the battle and to have died shortly after from his injuries.) Gabčík, Josef Valcik, Jaroslav Svarc and Jan Hruby committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to force them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt. The German SS and police suffered casualties, as well, with 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded, according to one report, although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers. The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns, and hand grenades. After the battle, Čurda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubiš and Gabčík.

(Gabcik and the others, with the exception of Kubis, who was seriously wounded by a grenade, committed suicide before the Nazis could take them alive in the Church catacombs.

Jozef Gabcik

Kubis was wounded in the gun battle and died shortly after arrival at the hospital. In revenge, the Nazis murdered 24 family members and close relatives of Jan Kubis in the concentration camp.

Jan Kubis

Adolf Opalka was injured by shrapnel, committed suicide. Shortly after his departure, on his 27thbirthday, Opalka wrote of homesickness:

I'm 27 years old today, the entire trip I pondered upon the words "Longing for home is a terrible thing, I know". Yes, only now do I know and understand. And this "homesickness" of Božena Němcová, which I never understood, is nothing compared to my longing for home. I'm willing to suffer through, and do whatever it takes, but only home and home and to honestly work, work for something... How can some speak of beauty, when they've never seen Rešice and the fields from Kordula to Rešice, who never strolled through the warm dirt there, who never felt the warm air and over the grain fields, who never saw our chapel in the milk of white cherries, Husák's garden, which always reminded me of Sholokhov, especially the dirt lumps under the "vortex" and the "Bare Hill" and all the other places on all of which I am. Parts of me are all over the world. In England, little was left of me, maybe more in Scotland... 27 years of life behind me. Death for my homeland. With that I have dealt, and am ready to do what it takes.

Adolf Opalka

The other agents names are Josef Bublik, Jan Hruby, Josef Valcik and Jaroslav Svarc.)

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Bishop Gorazd took the blame for the actions in the church, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942, the bishop, the church's priests, and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Future Aftermath

Heydrich's replacements were Ernst Kaltenbrunner as the chief of RSHA, and Karl Hermann Frank (27–28 May 1942) and Kurt Daluege (28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943) as the new acting Reichsprotektors. After Heydrich's death, implementation of the policies formalised at the Wannsee conference he chaired was accelerated. The first three true death camps, designed for mass killing with no legal process or pretext, were built and operated at Treblinka, Sobibór, and Bełżec. The project was named Operation Reinhard after Heydrich.

文献全部摘自维基百科，由本人筛选和整理，主要出自如下：

Operation Anthropoid from Wikipedia

Reinhard Heydrich from Wikipedia

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from Wikipedia

Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

German occupation of Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

Lidice massacre from Wikipedia

Jozef Gabčík from Wikipedia

Jan Kubiš from Wikipedia

Adolf Opálka from Wikipedia

Karel Čurda from Wikipedia

完成度很高，是的，整部电影两个多小时可以说没有尿点，节奏很快，思绪一直被电影抓着。运镜、灯光、布景、剪辑都很成熟。几个演员的表演都在线，尤其是两个男主角，尤其墨菲，层次分明、角色立体。最终几个伞兵的自杀，说实话，把我这个大老爷们看哭了。

同样是讲二战当中的刺杀，我觉得此片的某些特质和李安的色戒有异曲同工之处，至少在渲染敌占之后的压抑恐怖氛围，都很到位，让观众至少对我来说，真真切切的感觉到压抑，感觉到恐怖。此时的两位勇敢的女孩子无疑给压抑至极的气氛增添了一丝温暖。后面几个党卫头目阴狠毒辣的审讯更是给我留下了不小的阴影。

我觉得此片的可贵在于真实，首先事件是真实的，最重要的角色的表演和塑造很到位增加了代入感，是真实的。不管是墨菲饰演的伞兵时刻保持的那种警惕，还是詹米饰演伞兵在一些危险时刻而极度紧张到无法呼吸，这都是真实的，这才是一个正常人该有的自然的反应，不管受到多少专业的训练，在自己的生命收到威胁，自己的被俘将会受到各种酷刑伺候时的那种绝望，每个人都会紧张到无法自控。

电影讲述的身为勇闯敌占区去刺杀纳粹首领的伞兵，首先他是一个人，然后才是身为士兵的使命和责任，最后是对于国家和民族的信念，这才显的真实。我们需要这样真实的电影，看过太多杀人如砍瓜切菜的爽片之后，这样真实的电影才显得可贵的。让大家看到真实，看到纳粹、侵略者的残忍和反人类，看到战争的残酷，看到反抗斗争的不易，如此我们才会更真切懂得人类勇敢和牺牲的可贵。别动不动就战争打仗，甚至刚过上好日子没几年就忘了先烈们、忘了逝去的人们给我们争取来的这一切。

同样的道理也得让欧洲的一些傻缺青年知道知道，看一看什么是真正的战争，看一看纳粹代表什么，一个国家被占领意味着什么。

基于真实历史拍摄的影片，围绕刺杀纳粹头目莱因哈德-海德里希而展开，残酷而悲壮的故事。

在国内可以看到的二战时期德占领土的电影，其中有些多少美化了纳粹。在这部片子里可以看到他们非人类的面目、非人类的手段。 而观众更可以看到的是，形形色色的捷克百姓参与到反抗侵略者奴役的战斗中，即使他们中有的人本来也有懦弱的一面。 七个空降兵战斗到生命最后一刻，并将最后一颗子弹留给自己，令人动容； 而普通的抵抗者特别是被纳粹打得满脸是血的老太太，即使本能害怕得失禁也没供出刺杀者，而是选择吞药自尽……

不满意的地方不是原片本身，而是中文字幕版为什么开头一两句英文字幕没翻译全？看英文字幕，明明是在慕尼黑举办的一次希特勒和法英意领导人的会议上，希特勒威胁不把捷克给德国就发动战争，怎么中文字幕只余下希特勒在慕尼黑举办了一个会议，威胁……？

曾经到美丽的捷克美丽的布拉格旅游，对那里的文化、风情、人民留下了美好的印象。 致敬为反法西斯而献身的捷克英雄儿女。打五星有感情分。